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Display:Ĭobalt pieces, cobalt steel drill bits, alnico magnet (Fe, Al, Ni, Co alloy), blue cobalt glass, cobalt blue paint CoAl 2O 4 and cobalamin (Vitamin B12) C 63H 88CoN 14O 14P It is also used in lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries, and is found in cobalamin (vitamin B12). Uses:Ĭobalt’s use in pigments and glass is surpassed by its use in alloys, for example, in the aerospace industry and for prosthetics. There was some confusion as to whether the blue colour of cobalt pigments was due to the presence of bismuth, however around 1735, George Brandt showed that a new metal was responsible, which was named after the mineral. The negative connotation arose as the ore did not yield any known metals when smelted, but instead produced toxic arsenic oxide. In the middle ages, German miners used the name kobold to refer to cobalt ore (the mineral cobaltite CoAsS) meaning house goblin, from kobe (hut) and holt (goblin). Iron cube and pieces, steel ball bearings, ferrite magnet Fe 2O 3, ferrofluid (magnetic fluid made of a suspension of magnetite Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles), alnico magnet (alloy containing Fe, Al, Ni, Co) and several iron minerals – pyrite (fool’s gold) FeS 2, goethite on crocoite FeO(OH) PbCrO 4, and black aegirine NeFeSi 2O 6īlue-coloured cobalt compounds have been used since the Bronze Age as pigments or coloured glass.

In blood, iron is contained in haemoglobin. It is used in many industries including construction, machinery, rail, automotive, aerospace and ship-buildings.

Iron is the most widely used metal in the form of various types of steel to increase its hardness. The symbol Fe derives from the Latin name for the metal, ferrum. The English name iron derives from Germanic isarn, which possibly derives from the Proto-Indo-European isero associated with holy, powerful or strong, referring to its strength as a metal. Since then a variety of alloys such as steel and cast iron were developed for different uses. Iron is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust and was isolated from ores at the start of the Iron Age when, being stronger, it replaced copper alloys in the production of tools and weapons. Manganese metal pieces and flakes, manganocalcite (Ca,Mn)CO 3, manganese dioxide (magnesia negra), potassium permanganate crystals and solution KMnO 4, and alkali batteries which contain manganese dioxide The main use of manganese is in steel production, although other common uses are aluminum alloys for cans and alkali batteries. The element was named manganese after the mineral. In 1774, Carl Wilhelm Scheele used manganesum in the production of chlorine compounds and proposed the existence of a new element, which Johan Gottlieb Gahn isolated in the same year. Subsequently, it came to be known as magnesia, and then magnesia negra, to differentiate it from the white magnesia alba, which is magnesium oxide. It was originally identified as the feminine magnes, named after Magnesia in Greece where it was found, to differentiate it from the masculine magnes, which is the iron mineral magnetite. The manganese mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO2) was used since ancient times as a black pigment and in glass making. Display:Ĭhromium metal piece and flakes, stainless steel nuts and bolts, chrome-plated plumbing fixtures, crocoite PbCrO4, rubies and a ruby wand Al2O3♼r, and paints with chromium pigments – chrome yellow (PbCrO4) and chromium oxide green (Cr2O3) Vanadium oxides are used as catalysts and as fixes for the dyeing of fabrics. Vanadium is used in alloys to increase strength, most commonly in steels, and in lighter titanium alloys for the aerospace industry. The name rionium, honouring del Rio, was also proposed but not adopted. Sefstrom named the element vanadium after the Norse goddess Vanadis, who amongst other things was the goddess of beauty, reflecting the range of beautiful colours of vanadium compounds, and because the symbol V was not in use. In 1831, vanadium was rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrom, and del Rio’s work was verified by Friedrich Wohler. However, in 1805 it was claimed that del Rio had mistaken chromium for a new element, causing del Rio to retract his discovery. He then changed the name to erythronium (meaning red in Greek) as many vanadium salts turned red when heated. He named the element panchromium (meaning all-colours in Greek) as it produced salts of many different colours. In 1801, Andres Manuel del Rio discovered vanadium in an ore called brown lead (now called vanadinite). Titanium metal pellet and rod, titanium oxides – TiO (beige), Ti 2O 3 (purple), TiO 2 (white, also known as titania), titania-containing sunscreen and white paint, and rutilated quartz (quartz contained rutile TiO 2)